Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how the body processes glucose (sugar) in the blood. For individuals with diabetes, managing blood sugar levels is essential for maintaining good health. However, despite careful monitoring, diabetic emergencies can occur unexpectedly. Recognizing the signs of a diabetic emergency and knowing how to respond quickly can help prevent serious complications.
Diabetic emergencies generally fall into two categories: hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Both can have severe consequences if left untreated, but with proper knowledge and swift action, these emergencies can be managed effectively. Below is a guide to understanding the signs of diabetic emergencies and the first aid measures to take when someone experiences a crisis.
1. What is Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)?
Hypoglycemia occurs when a person’s blood sugar level drops too low, usually below 70 mg/dL. It can happen for a variety of reasons, such as taking too much insulin, skipping meals, or engaging in excessive physical activity without eating enough carbohydrates. Hypoglycemia is a more immediate threat because it can cause the body to go into shock if not addressed promptly.
Signs of Hypoglycemia:
The symptoms of hypoglycemia can develop rapidly and may include:
- Shaking or trembling
- Sweating excessively
- Feeling lightheaded or dizzy
- Confusion or difficulty concentrating
- Irritability or mood swings
- Weakness or fatigue
- Fast heartbeat
- Blurred vision
In severe cases, hypoglycemia can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, or even death if not treated in time.
First Aid for Hypoglycemia:
If you suspect that someone is experiencing hypoglycemia, it’s important to act quickly. The first step is to check their blood sugar if they have a blood glucose monitor available. If the person is unable to check their own blood sugar, proceed with the following actions:
- Provide a quick source of sugar: If the person is conscious and able to swallow, give them something that contains sugar but is not too high in fat. Ideal options include:
- Glucose tablets (typically 15 grams of sugar per tablet)
- Fruit juice (about half a cup)
- Regular soda (not diet soda, about half a can)
- Honey or sugar (a tablespoon)
- Wait for improvement: After the person consumes sugar, wait about 10–15 minutes to see if their symptoms improve. If they are still experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia, give them more sugar.
- Monitor closely: After the symptoms have improved, encourage the person to eat a small meal or snack to maintain blood sugar levels and prevent another drop. If the symptoms persist or worsen, seek medical attention immediately.
2. What is Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)?
Hyperglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels are too high, typically above 180 mg/dL. It can develop gradually over time and may not present obvious symptoms right away. However, if untreated, hyperglycemia can lead to dangerous conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), both of which can be life-threatening.
Signs of Hyperglycemia:
Symptoms of high blood sugar include:
- Increased thirst or dry mouth
- Frequent urination
- Fatigue or weakness
- Blurred vision
- Headaches
- Nausea or vomiting
- Shortness of breath (in severe cases, especially with DKA)
While it’s important to address high blood sugar levels, hyperglycemia typically progresses more slowly than hypoglycemia and can often be managed more easily.
First Aid for Hyperglycemia:
If someone is experiencing hyperglycemia, the immediate goal is to help them bring their blood sugar levels back to a safer range. Here’s how to help:
- Encourage hydration: Drinking water can help flush excess sugar from the bloodstream. Avoid sugary drinks, as they can worsen the condition.
- Administer insulin: If the person is prescribed insulin and has been taught how to manage their doses, encourage them to take their insulin as directed. If they are unsure of how to proceed, contact a healthcare professional for guidance.
- Monitor blood sugar: If the person has access to a blood glucose monitor, encourage them to check their blood sugar regularly. This will help determine if their blood sugar levels are stabilizing or continuing to rise.
- Seek medical attention: If the person is unable to manage their high blood sugar, or if symptoms worsen, contact a healthcare provider or seek emergency medical care. Severe hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is a medical emergency requiring urgent treatment.
3. When to Seek Emergency Medical Help
Both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia can become life-threatening if not treated appropriately. It’s important to seek medical attention in the following cases:
- Unconsciousness: If the person loses consciousness, do not try to give them anything to eat or drink, as they may choke. Call for emergency medical help immediately.
- Severe confusion or disorientation: If the person is unable to communicate or seems to be in severe distress, seek medical assistance.
- Severe symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): In the case of hyperglycemia, if the person experiences symptoms of DKA, such as fruity-smelling breath, rapid breathing, or confusion, call emergency services right away.
- If symptoms don’t improve: If there is no improvement in the person’s condition after administering sugar for hypoglycemia or after taking steps to manage hyperglycemia, medical help is necessary.
4. Prevention of Diabetic Emergencies
While emergencies are sometimes unavoidable, there are several proactive measures individuals with diabetes can take to minimize their risk:
- Regularly monitor blood sugar levels: Keeping track of blood glucose levels can help individuals stay within a healthy range and recognize when levels are outside of their target range.
- Eat balanced meals: Consistent meals with a proper mix of carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats can help maintain steady blood sugar levels throughout the day.
- Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help regulate blood sugar levels, but it’s important to balance exercise with proper nutrition and insulin management.
- Carry emergency supplies: Individuals with diabetes should always carry emergency supplies, such as glucose tablets, snacks, and a glucagon injection kit for emergencies related to low blood sugar.
5. Final Thoughts
Understanding how to recognize and respond to diabetic emergencies is crucial for anyone who lives with or cares for someone with diabetes. Quick action in the event of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia can help prevent severe complications and save lives. By being prepared, staying informed, and knowing how to assist in emergencies, you can make a positive difference in managing a diabetic crisis and ensuring the well-being of those affected.